常见文件类型及其 MIME 类型
在 Web 开发中,我们经常需要处理各种类型的文件,如图片、音频、视频等。为了正确地处理和显示这些文件,我们需要了解它们的 MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)类型。下面是一些常见文件类型及其对应的 MIME 类型:
后缀 | 类型 | MIME 类型 |
---|---|---|
.aac | AAC audio | audio/aac |
.abw | AbiWord document | application/x-abiword |
.arc | Archive document (multiple files embedded) | application/x-freearc |
.avi | AVI: Audio Video Interleave | video/x-msvideo |
.azw | Amazon Kindle eBook format | application/vnd.amazon.ebook |
.bin | Any kind of binary data | application/octet-stream |
.bmp | Windows OS/2 Bitmap Graphics | image/bmp |
.bz | BZip archive | application/x-bzip |
.bz2 | BZip2 archive | application/x-bzip2 |
.csh | C-Shell script | application/x-csh |
.css | Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) | text/css |
.csv | Comma-separated values (CSV) | text/csv |
.doc | Microsoft Word | application/msword |
.docx | Microsoft Word (OpenXML) | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document |
.eot | MS Embedded OpenType fonts | application/vnd.ms-fontobject |
.epub | Electronic publication (EPUB) | application/epub+zip |
.gif | Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) | image/gif |
.htm .html | HyperText Markup Language (HTML) | text/html |
.ico | Icon format | image/vnd.microsoft.icon |
.ics | iCalendar format | text/calendar |
.jar | Java Archive (JAR) | application/java-archive |
.jpeg .jpg | JPEG images | image/jpeg |
.js | JavaScript | text/javascript |
.json | JSON format | application/json |
.jsonld | JSON-LD format | application/ld+json |
.mid .midi | Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) | audio/midi audio/x-midi |
.mjs | JavaScript module | text/javascript |
.mp3 | MP3 audio | audio/mpeg |
.mpeg | MPEG Video | video/mpeg |
.mpkg | Apple Installer Package | application/vnd.apple.installer+xml |
.odp | OpenDocument presentation document | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation |
.ods | OpenDocument spreadsheet document | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet |
.odt | OpenDocument text document | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text |
.oga | OGG audio | audio/ogg |
.ogv | OGG video | video/ogg |
.ogx | OGG | application/ogg |
.otf | OpenType font | font/otf |
.png | Portable Network Graphics | image/png |
Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) | application/pdf | |
.ppt | Microsoft PowerPoint | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint |
.pptx | Microsoft PowerPoint (OpenXML) | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation |
.rar | RAR archive | application/x-rar-compressed |
.rtf | Rich Text Format (RTF) | application/rtf |
.sh | Bourne shell script | application/x-sh |
.svg | Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) | image/svg+xml |
.swf | Small web format (SWF) or Adobe Flash document | application/x-shockwave-flash |
.tar | Tape Archive (TAR) | application/x-tar |
.tif .tiff | Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) | image/tiff |
.ttf | TrueType Font | font/ttf |
.txt | Text, (generally ASCII or ISO 8859-n) | text/plain |
.vsd | Microsoft Visio | application/vnd.visio |
.wav | Waveform Audio Format | audio/wav |
.weba | WEBM audio | audio/webm |
.webm | WEBM video | video/webm |
.webp | WEBP image | image/webp |
.woff | Web Open Font Format (WOFF) | font/woff |
.woff2 | Web Open Font Format (WOFF) | font/woff2 |
.xhtml | XHTML | application/xhtml+xml |
.xls | Microsoft Excel | application/vnd.ms-excel |
.xlsx | Microsoft Excel (OpenXML) | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet |
.xml | XML | application/xml 代码对普通用户来说不可读 (RFC 3023, section 3) text/xml 代码对普通用户来说可读 (RFC 3023, section 3) |
.xul | XUL | application/vnd.mozilla.xul+xml |
.zip | ZIP archive | application/zip |
.3gp | 3GPP audio/video container | video/3gpp audio/3gpp(若不含视频) |
.3g2 | 3GPP2 audio/video container | video/3gpp2 audio/3gpp2(若不含视频) |
.7z | 7-zip archive | application/x-7z-compressed |
实战应用
在实际开发中,我们可以根据文件的 MIME 类型来设置正确的 HTTP 响应头,以确保浏览器能够正确处理文件。例如,当我们需要返回一个 PDF 文件时,可以这样设置响应头:
response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/pdf');
同样地,当我们需要返回一个 JSON 格式的数据时,可以这样设置响应头:
response.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json');
最佳实践
为了提高 Web 应用的性能和用户体验,我们应该遵循以下最佳实践:
尽可能使用压缩格式的文件,如 JPEG、PNG、WebP 等,以减小文件大小和加快加载速度。
对于文本类型的文件,如 CSS、JavaScript、JSON 等,可以启用 Gzip 压缩以进一步减小传输大小。
正确设置文件的 MIME 类型,以确保浏览器能够正确处理文件。
对于不常更新的静态文件,可以设置较长的缓存时间,以减少不必要的网络请求。